Seeking Mayan means of expressing
Christianity
By GARY MacEOIN
Special to the National Catholic
Reporter Milwaukee
Samuel Ruiz, for 40 years bishop of San Cristóbal de Las
Casas in the highlands of southern Mexico, has reached the retirement age of
75. He is open, friendly, relaxed, unimpressed by his own erudition, dreaming
ambitious dreams and confident that they will become true.
His overarching dream, one that he has to an impressive extent
made a reality, is that the indigenous people of his diocese, more than a
million native Americans speaking half a dozen Mayan languages, long powerless
and voiceless, take control of their lives and find ways to express their
Christian beliefs in forms that are meaningful within their culture.
Don Samuel is internationally famous for his role as mediator and
peacemaker in the conflict, now in its sixth year, between the Zapatistas and
the Mexican government. But as became clear in a recent talk with NCR,
this work was always subordinate to and a logical extension of his commitment
to a full inculturation of the Christian message in the Mayan world.
In a recent interview during the Nov. 5-7 Call to Action
conference in Milwaukee, he made it clear that his vision of a priesthood
of the culture included the ultimate accommodation of Mayan culture
a priesthood shared by a married couple, the traditional civil and
religious leaders in Mayan villages.
As far back as the Vatican Council (1962-65) Ruiz was
already deeply involved in exploring the theological need to find ways of
expressing Christs message in cultural forms other than those of Europe.
In this area he is fully at home, ranging volubly through theology, history,
anthropology. But what really identifies Ruiz is a genius for storytelling that
brings theory down to practice, as in this one:
Try to imagine the trauma of the indigenous priest who told me
his experience. Three or four days after I entered the seminary, he
said, the rector asked me if I had a woman somewhere round here. Then he
began to tear up the ground as if he was about to plant a tree. I took the
spade. With my cassock hitched up to my belt, I asked if I should continue to
dig.
Thats enough, said the rector.
And what are we going to plant -- a tree?
Were not going to plant a tree. Put your
Indian complexes here, turn the earth on top of them, and be the same as the
rest of us.
Well, I felt like a fish that had to live out of water.
And I learned to live out of water. But after Im ordained, the bishop
sends me to my home community where my parents, whose language I had forgotten,
still lived. And the people rejected me because I had betrayed my community.
I set out seriously, however, to relearn my own language
and to reassimilate my culture until one day they come and say to me:
Father, we now understand that this brother really wants to live with
us. Then, about a week later, I hear the music of the village band coming
toward the priests house. Whats going on? I thought. There is no
saints day, no festivity. What can it be? Its not my feast day.
Where are they going? By now I can see the municipal president followed by all
the people and the musicians.
Whats up?
Nothing special, just to let you know that we are happy,
because you are now a true Indian, and you are telling us and we know that you
want to live with us.
And the municipal president steps forward. Just to
make it formal, here is my daughter to marry you.
You can imagine the psychological journey of these people.
The priest laughed: And she wasnt particularly
good-looking.
It is a story that takes a lot of decoding. The mestizo rector
introduces the listener to the historically conditioned mentality of those who
centuries ago entered the world of the conquerors as their servants and are now
the cattle barons, the businessmen and the politicians of Mexico, those who
think they alone are entitled to be called Mexicans. For them the
Indian had long been a stereotype, one who has first to be
civilized in order to function in society. The seminarian, who from childhood
had learned to bow his head and do what he is told, went along. But finally,
and this is the great contemporary awakening in the continent, he recognized
that his own culture had values. He wanted to go back. And at that point he ran
into the stone wall of his peoples understanding of leadership.
Ruiz believes that this is the challenge the church has to
confront if it is to become the church of the Mayans and of the vast majority
of humans who are not part of the culture of Europe. We can go on having
indigenous who are ordained priests by passing through the process of
deculturation we call seminaries. We already have some such priests. But they
are mestizo priests, not indigenous priests.
The reason? In all indigenous communities in the American
continent from Alaska to Patagonia, human maturity is measured, not by years,
but by the experience the individual has lived in the smallest social
structure, the family. How, [indigenous groups] say, can a person who lacks the
experience of guiding, leading and living in a family possibly speak to an
entire community?
Service is thus the critical element in the formation of the
religious and spiritual leader. He or she begins with the most modest
cargo, as a candle bearer or a flag carrier in the celebration of the
saints day or other social function. It takes many years and many cargos
to merit the role of presider. To reach that level, one must be married, and
the role becomes that of the couple, of husband and wife. The logic is a
priesthood in which husband and wife together preside at the Eucharist.
We have not got there yet, Ruiz says. But we are
moving. Thanks to [the late] Ecuadorian Bishop Leónidas Proaño,
in many parishes of the Riobamba diocese, instead of a priest, we have a family
-- husband and wife -- who are the pastors.
Within the present canonical structures, Ruiz has been able to
develop rituals for the other sacraments more in tune with Mayan culture than
those imported from Europe. In the diocese we have some 8,000 indigenous
catechists, 311 of whom have been ordained deacons. They have for many years
been studying ways to express the values of their culture in the Christian
faith. One of the first results has been that all the sacraments have begun to
acquire new meaning within our life as Christians, to assume a communitarian
dimension. The first Communions of my child stopped. Instead we
have a community celebration. Baptisms similarly have become a community
ritual. The entire community gets involved. It takes responsibility for
deciding if the parents and godparents are living a Christian life and
understand what baptism really means. This process may take three months,
perhaps as much as a year when the parents have had little contact with the
church.
Reflection on the meaning of the sacrament of matrimony has
produced unsuspected results. I remember being present in a womens group.
In the past, they were saying, my father and mother sold me.
They waited until they had the needed quantity of wood or meat or whatever in
order to give me to the family that was interested. And they didnt even
ask me if I liked the young man or not.
So we have here a process of liberation. And they are
looking for ways to express their new understanding. Its not easy,
because their culture was so totally crushed. But they are making progress. We
are well on our way to creating a ceremony that will incorporate the rituals
demanded by tradition (la costumbre), those of the church, and those
required by civil law.
Already we have recovered the communitarian vision. For
example, a Marist brother who worked in the diocese decided to leave his
religious congregation and marry. He told the community in which he was working
of his intention, adding that he would like to continue his work with them.
What about her? they asked him. Is she also ready to live
with us? She agreed to follow the process they had established, and the
indigenous catechists put her through a 3-month preparation that her intended
husband had taught them. They continued to work in that community for several
years.
In Mayan culture, leadership traditionally is held by a married
couple who have proven themselves worthy by their service to the community over
a period of years. Their proven ability to take care of their own family also
shows them worthy to take responsibility for the entire community. It is the
couple who presides over the annual festival in each Mayan village. In Mayan
culture there is no distinction between civil and religious leadership.
NCR asked Ruiz if the Mayan cultural understanding of
spiritual leadership, then, does not logically lead to a liturgy in which the
married couple, the husband and wife, are the priest, the ones who
preside at the celebration of the Eucharist. Ruiz replied unhesitatingly:
That is what we are talking about. That is what is on the table: a
priesthood according to the culture.
The principle that the gospel has to be incarnated in every
culture is unchallenged, he insists, as is its theological basis.
The Vatican Council was clear about it, as were the bishops of Latin America at
their meetings at Medellín, [Colombia]; Puebla, [Mexico]; and Santo
Domingo, [Dominican Republic]. And Pope John Paul returned to it several times,
for example [in Mexico] at Oaxaca, Yucatán and Mexico City. The road is
open, wide open.
Gary MacEoin is author of The Peoples Church: Samuel
Ruiz of Mexico and Why He Matters. His e-mail address is
gmaceoin@cs.com
National Catholic Reporter, December 10,
1999
|